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Anhydrous Water
This is the second in a series on Body Composition where I will discuss various methods of measuring your composition. Remember, determining body composition gives a MUCH better idea of your health, fitness status, and progress than a scale ... however, that doesn't mean it is accurate.
The main reasons for measuring body composition are to monitor body fat loss and muscle growth resulting from exercise and to provide baseline data for nutritional counseling and treatment of obesity. So many of my clients want to know their body fat percentage, but have no idea what that number really means or how it is actually determined.
Bet you didn't know that ultimately, direct or indirect density (body composition) determinations are correlated with the density/body-fat ratios of cadavers. Cadaver studies are the fundamental reference for all body composition determination methods. This means the only true and accurate way to measure body composition is if you are a cadaver. Any volunteers? Every single other method of measuring and calculating body fat is via a formula derived from a cadaver study. I repeat - having your body fat measured will only provide an APPROXIMATE value that may be off by up to 10%, depending on numerous factors. This is one reason I hate to see people get caught up with such ambiguous calculations.
The assessment of body composition involves using the most appropriate, and accessible, method possible to 'estimate' a person's body composition (remember - an actual assessment of body composition would be by cadaver analysis; everything else is only an ESTIMATE). Here are the two most readily utilized means of measurement:
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
The Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) method is a relatively affordable but less accurate way to estimate body fat percentage. What is the general principle behind BIA? Two conductors are attached to a person's body and a small electrical charge is sent through the body. The resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat, since the resistance to electricity varies between adipose (fat), muscular, and skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscles, bones, connective tissue) is a good conductor, as it contains a large amount of water (approximately 73%) and electrolytes, unlike fat, which is anhydrous (lacking water) and a poor conductor of electrical current. BIA is utilized via a scale you step on or by a Tanita device that is hand-held, which can be purchased almost anywhere these days.
Many variables can affect the results with BIA. For example, as electricity travels more easily through water, a person who has consumed a large amount of water before the test will measure as a lower body fat percentage. Less water will increase the percentage of body fat. If protocol is not followed (no eating or drinking four hours prior to the test, no exercising 12 hours before the test, etc.), the test will be inaccurate. Inconsistency in hydration, body fluids, and intestinal content can result in a high degree of variation from day to day. This makes this method less suitable for repeated testing when measuring small changes in the level of body fat. The test also tends to overestimate percent body fat in very lean individuals and underestimate body fat in obese people.
Skin fold or Caliper Measurement
The skin fold estimation methods are based on a skin fold test, whereby a pinch of skin is precisely measured by calipers at several standardized points on the body to determine the subcutaneous (right below the skin) fat layer thickness. These measurements are converted to an estimated body fat percentage by an equation. Some formulas require as few as three measurements; others require as many as seven. The accuracy of these estimates is more dependent on a person's unique body fat distribution than on the number of sites measured. It is also of utmost importance to test in a precise location with a fixed pressure. Although it may not give an accurate reading of real body fat percentage, it is a reliable measure of body composition change over a period of time, provided the test is carried out by the same person with the same technique (which can be a great limitation of skin fold testing).
This method also only measures one type of fat: subcutaneous adipose tissue (fat directly under the skin). Two individuals might have nearly identical measurements at all of the skin fold sites, yet differ greatly in their body fat levels due to differences in other body fat deposits such as visceral adipose tissue (the more dangerous fat in the abdominal cavity).
I hope this sheds some light on how body composition is measured and determined. My main point is that any measurement you derive is just an estimate. Your body fat could actually be lower or higher by up to 10%. Please keep that in mind before you stress out over your results!
Kristi Larsen, has a Bachelors Degree in Kinesiology, is a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (CSCS), an ACE Certified Personal Trainer, and a former figure competitor. Kristi owns http://www.ChandlerPersonalTraining.com, a private training studio and http://www.EastValleyBootCamp.com, outdoor group fitness training classes. Kristi lives in Chandler (Phoenix) Arizona. She can be reached at 602.230.4123.
When the anhydrous copper (II) sulphate ribbon was exposed to the water, it created______?
please fill in the blank.
ASAP.!
for i am tired.
and i have a whole other lab to do.
The blank is "hydrated copper (II) sulfate" which is also named "copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate".
White anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) ribbon is used to test for water. If water is present, the ribbon turns blue.
The reaction is:
anhydrous copper sulfate (white) + water = hydrated copper sulfate (blue)
or
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(s)
Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous Crystal Growing
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ISO 3699:1976, Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride for industrial use -- Determination of water content -- Karl Fischer method
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Prediction of hazards of spills of anhydrous ammonia on water
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