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Self Heating
Landfill fires can occur even in modern and well run landfills, although with good monitoring and site controls they are seldom more than a nuisance. However, they are especially dangerous as they can emit dangerous fumes from the combustion of the wide range of materials contained within the landfill.
Since in most cases the supply of air is likely to be small, the rate of combustion inevitably will be slow. There are a number of possible sources of ignition. These can include ignition sources buried within the deposit of waste materials, the deposit of pyrophoric materials (for example, finely divided metal turnings can initiate ignition, fires lit on the surface of a site, or self-heating and ignition). Oxidising agents which may be present in some wastes which could also provide sufficient oxygen to initiate spontaneous combustion.
A fire hazard can exist by virtue of the presence of uncompacted combustible waste materials in the landfill, the voids in which can provide sufficient air to support combustion underground. Since the supply of air is likely to be small, the rate of combustion inevitably will be slow.
Landfill fires often involve PVC due to the fact that there is commonly PVC present in all domestic and commercial waste. This makes landfill fires a further source of dioxin. Dioxin builds up in the environment around the point at which it is emitted making it of concern when it is generated over a long period.
Dioxins are even often found in hazardous concentrations in the tissues of animals and humans living thousands of miles away from industrial sources, such as whales and polar bears and have been seen in Inuit mother's breast milk. It is a fact that dioxin compounds are never manufactured intentionally but are produced accidentally whenever chlorine gas is used or chlorine-based organic chemicals are burned or processed under reactive conditions.
Dioxin emissions from PVC combustion are not limited to landfill fires of course, and also occur regularly due to the estimated 1 million annual fires that burn buildings and vehicles, as these are two sectors that use substantial amounts of PVC.
Landfill fires can also be fuelled by methane gas in the landfill of course and by every combustible element of waste especially by by wood and paper debris.
Landfill fires can be prevented and minimised if they begin, when they are still no more than hot spots in the waste. They cannot occur unless oxygen levels rise in the landfill. Therefore, action trigger limits for oxygen and methane should be established as part of the process safety control system and managed by regular monitoring. In some circumstances this might require alarmed continual monitoring of critical parts of the landfill gas field.
If a fire does take place the effectiveness of the fire-fighting measures should be assessed by long-term monitoring of temperature and carbon monoxide concentrations.
Landfill fires are usually best be extinguished by smothering with soil, using heavy equipment and a suppressant agent, or simply temporarily shutting down the gas extraction system. No one method will work for all conditions.
Subsurface landfill fires also, unlike a typical fire, cannot be put out easily with water. Very large quantities are needed if any success is likely and it is very hard to get the water to the seat of the fire before it drains away through the rest of the surrounding waste.
There is no doubt that landfill fires are a serious matter to operators and managers. They can cause incredible damage, and create a significant hazard to staff, the local community and the environment. Staff on the landfill can be at risk if the landfill subsides and the surface becomes unstable above the fire.
Because landfill fires usually burn slowly and deep within the waste, there is not normally any visual sign such as smoke. However, knowing where, how many and the extent of underground fires, is essential to those in charge of containing and/or extinguishing them once they have started. Infra-red surveys flown at height above the landfill can be useful to plot the extent of the fire in addition to monitoring the gas composition inside landfills.
So, landfill fires are perhaps some of the most difficult fires of them all to fight because they are frequently deep beneath tons of debris or other such materials. Dioxins which are very toxic to life are an additional worry from landfill fires are another potential source, because landfill also contains waste PVC.
If you want to know more, including our recommendations for the prevention of landfill fires, your author Steve Last is the creator of the landfill gas web site where he provides a complete guide to landfill gas and fire management including extraction and operation.
He is also a keep dog-owner and you can see his canine web site at The Dog Breeds Compendium.
How cool is self heating hot chocolate?
Is it safe to say that stuff is supafly?
Totally, I'm all for making chocolatey goodness more accessible to the masses. And if it keeps my scouts safe and warm just in case they get lost on a mountain or something,I'm all for it.
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